The skin barrier is not normally very strong in newborns. Components of the barrier are low and gradually increase, with most components plateauing at around three to four years. The protective moisturizer NMF is low in newborns, and peaks by age one in the elbows and nose, but not until somewhere between ages one and three in the cheeks. 

A growing body of research supports the theory that an impaired skin barrier in infancy  contributes to food allergies. Children with eczema—which causes barrier dysfunction—are highly likely to develop food allergies. The theory is that a leaky skin barrier allows components of foods to enter the body. Food components will be seen by the immune system as allergens that are foreign and possibly dangerous. An allergic response is mounted, consisting of antibodies and immune cells directed at particular food components, usually proteins. The next time the body is exposed to that food the immune system is primed for an allergic response. 

On the other hand, if the first time the body is exposed to a new food is when a food is eaten, the immune system does not see the food as dangerous. Immune cells in the gut generally learn that when foods come in through the mouth, they do not need to mount an immune response. The body develops tolerance to foods that enter the body via the digestive tract.

The problem appears to be that when food allergens enter through the skin early in life, before the food is eaten, the body has not yet had a chance to recognize the substances as foods and to develop tolerance. Strengthening the skin barrier may help to prevent allergens entering infants’ bodies. 

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This article is for informational purposes only, and is designed to supplement, not to substitute for, consultation with medical professionals. Content is based on scientific research published in peer-reviewed journals, publications from the National Institutes of Health and other medical and scientific organizations, and communications from scientists and licensed healthcare practitioners.

April 22, 2024